International Business Environment in terms of Globalisation Essay

International Business Environment in terms of Globalisation - Essay Example Globalisation also made labour globally mobile, because the new environment greatly assisted nations to do business jointly with overseas countries and hire skilled foreign workers (Jaumotte & Tytell, n.d.). It is obvious that cultural aspects and consumer behaviour vary from country to country and hence organisations face numerous cultural barriers while operating in a foreign country. Studies show that cultural aspects can have a great influence on an individual’s physical and psychological levels of personality, which plays a notable role in developing an organisation’s worksite culture. As Siadat et al (2012) argue, cultural integrity is necessary for an organisation to improve its productivity because a culturally diverse worksite would not promote worksite coordination. In addition, the issue of general acceptability of other cultures may come into play in a culturally diverse worksite. Under such circumstances, there will be conflict among workers and it will adv ersely affect the efficiency of the worksite environment as a whole. Under a culturally diverse worksite, employees may react differently to different events and therefore it would be difficult for the management to frame a common operational policy for such a workplace. Likewise, consumer behaviour is greatly related to culture; therefore, an international company cannot effectively influence consumer behaviour if it practices same marketing and business strategies in all countries (Univrsity of Minho 2004). In other words, an organisation would not succeed in a foreign country unless the organisation accurately understands the country’s cultural and social norms. In short, cultural multiplicity is turning out to be a growth impediment to multinational organisations as they are forced to spend more on cultural diversity management. Each organisation has a unique culture and this element is of considerable importance in determining the organisation’s market position. L owe (2012) points out that the concept of organisational culture is of a great value as it directly impacts an organisation’s unity, loyalty, competition, direction, and identity. While evaluating the impact of culture on western countries and china, it seems that both these regions have totally different views on culture. In case of western countries, they have a more socially developed or liberalised culture whereas China still follows traditional cultural views and norms in terms of business structure and operations. Therefore, impact of culture is more evident in China as compared to western countries. To illustrate, the Chinese culture has notable impact on product design, supply chain activities, and marketing campaigns. This paper will discuss various cultural difficulties likely to be encountered when a multinational company from a western economy contemplates a joint venture with a foreign partner in China. Importance of national cultures The Western society, especia lly Europe and the US, is an agglomeration of different cultures mainly because these countries constitute the ultimate destination for job migrants. Hence, a unique culture is not visible in the Western world. Cultures of the majority of the Western counties have been

Europeans coming to America DBQ Essay Example for Free

Europeans coming to America DBQ Essay In the 14th century the Europeans set out to find an all water route to Asia to trade and get spices, silks, gold, porcelain, and other riches. Little did they no they ended up being the first Europeans to explore the New World. Once the New World was discovered, more and more explorers continued to venture out to this New World. The European explorers kept on coming back to the New World for wealth, an increased amount of power in Europe, to spread the Christian religion, and many more. The arrival of the Europeans impacted the lives of Native Americans in negative ways, the natives died from disease the Europeans brought, were turned into slaves, and had to assimilate to new land. Although there were many negative effects of their arrival there were positive impacts as well such as the exchange of resources. The Europeans changed the Native American ways of life forever. One of the reasons the Europeans came to the new World was to acquire gold. Nicolas Le Challeux who sailed from France in 1565 stated this country was rich in gold (Document 2). Due to the fact that gold was the primary goal to conquistadors, Pizarro and Cortes came to the New World in order to conquer gold filled land. Pizarro and Cortes specifically went to the Aztec and Inca empires because the temples were made of gold. According to the graph entitled, Exports of Gold and Silver from the New World to Spain, it was very clear that within these years, 1576- 1580, much gold was exported from the New World to Spain (Document 3). This is because Pizarro and Cortes conquered the Aztec and Inca empires and took gold. Gold was a big reason for the European Explores to come to the New World.

What Is Meant By Language Varieties?

What Is Meant By Language Varieties? Language is defined as a systematic use of sounds, gestures or symbols for communication. It has a complex system where the rules are not clearly stated and is productive as an infinite number of sentences can be produced once the rules are learned. Varieties of Language The expressions and uses of a language varies in many ways. The diagram below illustrates these language varieties : Language Varieties Participants Geographical Registers Social Historical Medium Topics Setting 1. Historical i) Old English it was descended from the languages spoken by the Germanic tribes when they invaded England around 500 AD. The various dialects spoken by these invaders formed the early English language. ii) Middle English was the result of the French influence of the Normans and lasted from 1100-1500 AD iii) Modern English is broken into early Modern English and late Modern English.The former began around the time of playwright, William Shakespeare. Late Modern English occurred around 1800 during British conquest and colonisation of other parts of the world. 2. Geographical English may be the native language of England but due to various reasons such as: colonisation, migration, globalisation, cultural, economic, etc, it had spread to other countries around the world. However, the language used in these different countries developed independently from the original language due to influences by local languages. These influences cause, among other things, the differences in the pronunciation, thus producing their distinctive accent. Some forms of these are: American English Australian English Indian English In certain regions,there are different versions of the same language called dialects. These dialects have different grammar, vocabulary and accent. Eg : Cantonese ( dialect of Mandarin); Aboriginal English (Australia). 3. Social It refers to the use of the language in terms of the social class or identity. Eg: The upper class society in Britain tend to use Received Pronunciation (RP) also known as Queens English or BBC English while others tend to use Cockney English. 4. Registers These are variations caused by : i) Setting It has a large influence in the application of English for Specific Purposes (ESP). Different industries such as Legal, IT, Food Beverage, Technical or Hotel Service has their own grammar or technical jargon. Eg : Lawyers would use formal or legal terms in the execution of their papers or court hearings whereas an electrician needs to understand technical terms to issue instructions or to describe repairs. ii) Participants The age, sex, group identity and roles will influence the language used. Age A different variety of language is used when talking to children, eg. Peekaboo than when talking to a peer. Sex Females tend to be more hyperbolic or expressive in their speech while males speech is more subdued. Roles The role we play in our day-to-day contact with others affect the way we speak. Eg ; as a spouse, colleague, parent, teacher, etc. iii) Topic Different subjects have its own specialized set of vocabulary and grammar usage. Eg : A disc jockey and a priest would use different sets of the same language to convey their messages. iv) Medium It can be visual or auditory. Visual (reading and writing) In reading, there are different degrees of formality and also more vocabulary than in listening. In writing, grammatical rules need to be applied and time is needed to interpret the written word Auditory (speaking and listening) Having good listening skills certainly helps one to pick up and improve on speaking skills, esp. in intonations, grammar or vocabulary. In speech, words are usually accompanied by body gestures to convey the message. Words spoken rarely needs to be interpreted, unlike written words. Conclusion As the usage of English language expands across the globe, influences from local cultures, language or from new discoveries in Science and Technology will evolve the language, making it more varied than ever. References: wapedia.mobi/en/Variety_(linguistics Categories: Linguistics | Varieties of English www.icalweb.com/wiki/Varieties_of_English An Introduction to International Varieties of English by L Bauer Related articles Q2. What is Communicative Competency? Communicative competence refers to a language users grammatical knowledge of syntax, morphology, phonology, etc as well as social knowledge about how and when to use utterances appropriately.(Dell Hymes,1966) The desired outcome is the ability to use the language correctly and appropriately to accomplish communication goals, not the ability to use the language exactly as a native speaker does. This outcome depends on : 1) Appropriateness in Speech Other than having knowledge of the words and rules of the language (linguistics), one must also learn not just to say what one means but to use the right words to suit the situation. The words used in to communicate with a friend may deem to be inappropriate when speaking to your headmaster. Eg : Hi! Buddy, have a jolly good day. Good Morning, Mr. Brown Speech can be classified into : Casual/Intimate Speech It is easy going and natural, mainly occurring between family, friends or people whom you are comfortable with. It may contain many omitted forms of grammar and missing words . Eg : Want tea? I go home now. You coming ?. ii) Formal Speech It is more careful but also natural. Proper word sentences and grammar rules are observed and may be used in office or court settings between employer-employee, lawyer-client, etc. iii) Ceremonial Speech It tends to be more unnatural where the rhythm and intonation are quite different from normal speech. 2) Appropriateness in Writing Competency in writing, such as knowledge of grammatical rules, spelling, etc cannot be overlooked. However, different situations dictate different styles of writing. i) Telegrams Where the main message or the gist of it has to be communicated in the shortest time, correct grammar form used may be inappropriate. ii) Essays It is formal writing where grammatical rules, semantics, spelling, etc has to be observed. iii) Poetry The poetic style of writing may not follow the grammatical rules of the language. iv) Legal Document The terms and language used have to be very formal and expressively written. 3) Appropriateness in Setting Being competent in using the language appropriately in a social setting will enable you to be understood and accepted. The setting is influenced by: i) Participant The social status, sex and age will affect the style of speech . Eg: speech use to communicate with a child is different from communicating with an adult. ii) Topic Speech used depend on the subject. Eg; words used for a recipe discussion will include ingredients, method, measures while IT skills will include computer,download,printer. In conclusion, where English is taught as a foreign or second language, it has become widely accepted that communicative competence should be the goal of language acquisition. This is unlike previous views in which linguistics competence was commonly given top priority. References: En.wikipedia.org/wiki/communicative competence www.teachingenglish.org.uk/think/knowledge-wiki/communicative competence www.nclrc.org/essentials/goalsmethods/goal.htm Section B Q1 What are the various stages of L1 acquisition? How does this knowledge help us in L2 teaching? Language is commonly defined as any means of conveying or communicating ideas and language acquisition is learning how to communicate these ideas. It is the process by which people acquire the ability to perceive, produce and apply the words to communicate. First language(L1), which is also known as native language or mother tongue is acquired naturally due to ones needs to communicate in order to fulfil his wants. Acquisition Of First Language It occurs in stages from birth. Stage 1 : Pre Speech Babies respond to speech around them more keenly than to other sounds and from birth, will learn to pay attention and distinguish the following in their environment before they speak : i) speech phonemes of the language, eg the speech sound of t and d in bat and bad; ii) intonation the rising and falling intonations iii) rhythm of speech phonological or system of speech patterns in the language used. Stage 2 : Babbling Babies begin to babble from around 3 to 4 months old. It is basically speech sounds with rising and falling intonations. These indiscriminate utterances (eg dadadaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ or nananaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..) do not make sense to the listener but the baby appears to understand the meaning of it. Stage 3 : One word (Holophrastic) stage At about ten months, infants start to utter their first recognizable words although: i) pronunciations may be inaccurate eg : eep for sleep ii) vocalized words may not correlate with words in the language eg meh for cat or ta for duck iii) certain words may be distorted eg goggy for doggie iv) reduplication of words eg da-da,na-na Stage 4 : Two word stage Babies are able to say mini sentences with simple semantic links from 18 months onwards. Eg : cat no (there is no cat ) At this stage, their ability to express is not as advanced as an adult. The semantic use of words are either too broad or too narrow. He may call any round item : ball or only himself and no one else boy However, these underextensions and overextensions develop and change over time. Stage 5 Multi word Stage (Telegraphic Stage): By two years, most children are able to speak in sentences of several words. These telegraphic sentence structures are made up of lexical morphemes which are grammatically incomplete. Eg No eat instead of I wont eat. Stage 6 Normal speech: By about 3 years of age, they would have acquired grammatical and functional structures of words to be able to conduct normal speech. Second language (L2) is any language learned after the first language. Unlike L1, it is normally acquired in order to integrate with the environment.and is achieved through active learning and motivation. As L2 learners follows the same stages of acquisition as L1 learners, it is beneficial if we understand and apply these stages because it will help us to educate L2 learners more effectively. Acquisition of Second Language The stages that L2 learners go through are: Stage 1 : Silent Stage In an environment which is similar to the Pre-Speech Stage of L1, they hear and learn to recognize the distinctive sounds of words and pronunciations. During this silent stage, they may not speak but can respond various ways such as pointing to an object, person or gesturing with a yes and no response. Stage 2 : Early Speech During this stage, utterances of first words (holophrastic) gradually make way to speaking a few simple words and then, simple phrases of the language. Mispronunciations are common during this stage and sentences are telegraphic in nature. Stage 3 : Speech Emergence Learners try to form sentences and will make mistakes in the grammatical structuring of the sentences. By making use of the Mean Length of Utterance (MLU), the development of the learner can be assessed by measuring the morphemes uttered. Eg Early In Between Later You eat? You eating? Are you eating? From the early stage of 2 morphemes, it develops to 3 and then finally 4 morphemes where the grammar and syntax are in order. Stage 4 Language Proficiency Learners are capable of using complex sentences and apply the acquired language to a greater extent. They can opine, discuss and most importantly, begin to think in the second language. Teachers Role In all the above stages, the teacher takes the important role of the mother where she encourages, repeats and reinforces the language. By motivating and making the learners feel secure in a conducive environment, learners will be more willing and confident to acquire a second language.

The Influence of Lucians True Story on Jonathan Swifts Gullivers Travels :: Gullivers Travels Essays

The Influence of Lucian's True Story on Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels Lucian's fictional and satiric travel dialogue, True Story, is a form that has been often copied over the centuries.   Elements of his story, such as travel to the moon, inspired later science fiction.   His presence in another world allowed Lucian and his imitators to poke fun at or question the things of this world, whether it be national heroes and philosophers, misplaced patriotism or the more subtle lies of contemporary writers.   Beyond symbolism, social commentary and parody , however, Lucian's True Story allows the reader a humorous but interesting flight of fancy to undiscovered worlds.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels is one of the best known stories of European literature.   Although the book is most often read as a children's fairy tale, the story is intended as satire.   In fact, Swift wrote to his friend, Alexander Pope, that the book was intended to "vex the world, not to divert it."   Swift comments on the wars of religion, and a myriad of problems with England, its leadership and its people.   Many allusions can be caught by the careful reader, but many more through the passage of time and Swift's fabulous and incredible descriptions are lost to all but the most perceptive.   However, Lucian's influence on Gulliver's Travels can't be missed.   The authors attack many of the same institutions and use similar devices to satirize their world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lucian's diatribe against irresponsible and dishonest writers, is mirrored in Gulliver's Travels.   Lucian describes how "lots of other writers have shown a preference for the same technique: under the guise of reporting their travels abroad they spin yarns of huge monsters, savage tribes, and strange ways of life."   Gulliver excuses himself from writing down his adventures amidst the giants of Brobdingnag, by saying:    "  Ã‚   ...That nothing could now pass which was not extraordinary; wherein I doubted, some Authors less consulted Truth than their own Vanity or Interest, or the Diversion of ignorant Readers.   That my own Story could contain little besides common Events, without those ornamental Descriptions of strange Plants, Trees, Birds, and other Animals; or the barbarous Customs and Idolatry of savage People, with which most Writers abound."   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Swift also borrows Lucian's emphasis on human anatomy and sex.   Lucian describes sex with trees, men being hung by their penises, and other men using their member as a post on which to fix a sail.

The Magna Carta and the Constitution

The Magna Carta and the U. S. Constitution are closely related since the former is a cornerstone for the latter. Magna Carta The rule of law is enshrined in Magna Carta which was issued in 1215 by King John of England to appease land barons. The rule of law asserts that all persons must comply with laws of the nation irrespective of king or any other privileged person. Although Magna Carta is silent about king’s immunity, the document does impose limit on king’s power.The barons has the authority to invoke the provisions of Chapter 61 of the Magna Carta’s original version which states that the king should not ignore or violate the traditions, customs or laws and could not take any arbitrary actions against his subjects. 1 Magna Carta provides for rule of law, ensures fairness of laws, contains commitment to due process of law and gives respect for economic rights. While these rights were the privileges given to barons in England by way of declarations in Magna Ca rta, the founders of the U.  S. drew inspiration from Magna Carta and made these rights applicable to all the citizens of America and became part of the Bill of Rights. Magna Carta is therefore a source for the U. S. Constitution.The Bill of Rights 1791; which representing 10 amendments as part of the 1st amendment to the U. S. Constitutions. Clause 39 of Magna Carta provides that no freeman shall be punished except by lawful judgment by his peers or by the laws of the land. This was to prevent the King to deliver sentences without the authority of law.The U. S. Constitution provides for rule of law by which no person is above the law. In this context both, Magna Carta and the U. S. Constitution are similar. Whereas the Magna Carta was issued by the Monarch, the U. S. Constitution was given by Americans unto themselves. The 14th Amendment to the U. S. Constitution includes the stipulation of due process, this provides for fair trial before depriving any person of his life, liberty or property. The trial is what is meant by due process.Again it must be a fair trial as part of the due process. In The Magna Carta, the due process of law is known by law of the land and legal judgment of peers. In order to constitute due process, there should be a right to fair and public trial, right to be present at the trial, presence of an impartial jury, right to be heard as part of one’s own defense. Besides, the laws must be in written form, taxes must be for only public purpose, and property can be taken only for public purpose with due compensation.In this way The Magna Carta pales in comparison due to not being as descriptive as the U. S. Constitution for the meaning of due process. Both Magna Carta and the U. S. Constitution require that laws shall be fair and discriminatory. Thus, Magna Carta and the U. S. Constitution share many things in common. Magna Carta of 1215 was a bold initiative of the then King, without which the U. S. Constitution would have taken s till longer time to be what it is today.

Free Essays on The Effect Of Womenin The Workplace During WWII

Women? In the workplace? WHAT â€Å"World War II changed the face and the soul of the world forever. The boundaries of countries, the shapes of cities, and the minds and views of people were permanently altered† (Wise, 5). People’s outlooks would never be the same. In December 1941, the Japanese attacked on Pearl Harbor. Within a year, hundreds of thousands of American men from eighteen to thirty-nine years old were fighting in the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard. The men left their wives, children and jobs. With no one working, how would the economy hold up, and how would the production of needed supplies be produced? Wives, mothers, sisters, and girlfriends left their families, education, or other jobs to learn the skills required to continue the work that was deserted by the men, and some more. For women that had a profession, the war offered them a chance to break into careers or management positions that or else would have been off limits for women. For those that did not, jobs in the air, on the sea, as nurses and doctors, and war correspondents were offered. For the entire time of the war, the U.S. government flattered American women to work in the war, whether it was at home or in the factories or flying a plane or anything else that contributed to the success of the war. â€Å"Rosie the Riveter†, quickly became the catchy phrase that represented all women workers. It was a song that was made, not based on a real person but it was selected because of its sound in accordance with what was going on in the world. Along with the song came a poster (See We Can Do It!) of an attractive woman in overalls. The song began with these lyrics: While other girls attend a favorite cocktail bar, Sipping dry martinis, munching caviar; There’s a girl who’s really putting them to shame- Rosie is her name. All the day long, whether rain or shine, She’s part of the assembly line, She’s making... Free Essays on The Effect Of Womenin The Workplace During WWII Free Essays on The Effect Of Womenin The Workplace During WWII Women? In the workplace? WHAT â€Å"World War II changed the face and the soul of the world forever. The boundaries of countries, the shapes of cities, and the minds and views of people were permanently altered† (Wise, 5). People’s outlooks would never be the same. In December 1941, the Japanese attacked on Pearl Harbor. Within a year, hundreds of thousands of American men from eighteen to thirty-nine years old were fighting in the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard. The men left their wives, children and jobs. With no one working, how would the economy hold up, and how would the production of needed supplies be produced? Wives, mothers, sisters, and girlfriends left their families, education, or other jobs to learn the skills required to continue the work that was deserted by the men, and some more. For women that had a profession, the war offered them a chance to break into careers or management positions that or else would have been off limits for women. For those that did not, jobs in the air, on the sea, as nurses and doctors, and war correspondents were offered. For the entire time of the war, the U.S. government flattered American women to work in the war, whether it was at home or in the factories or flying a plane or anything else that contributed to the success of the war. â€Å"Rosie the Riveter†, quickly became the catchy phrase that represented all women workers. It was a song that was made, not based on a real person but it was selected because of its sound in accordance with what was going on in the world. Along with the song came a poster (See We Can Do It!) of an attractive woman in overalls. The song began with these lyrics: While other girls attend a favorite cocktail bar, Sipping dry martinis, munching caviar; There’s a girl who’s really putting them to shame- Rosie is her name. All the day long, whether rain or shine, She’s part of the assembly line, She’s making...